低压系统防雷保护

译者序 中文版序言 1 引言························································································································1 2 雷电和电涌造成的损害··························································································5 2.1 损失统计··········································································································5 2.2 案例··················································································································9 2.2.1 危险区内的损害··························································································9 2.2.2 对工厂的损害····························································································14 2.2.3 对供电系统的损害····················································································22 2.2.4 对房屋的损害····························································································25 2.2.5 对飞机和机场的损害················································································34 2.2.6 对风力发电站的损害················································································37 2.2.7 灾难性损害································································································38 3 电涌的起源与影响······························································································40 3.1 大气过电压······································································································41 3.1.1 直接雷击和邻近雷击················································································42 3.1.1.1 冲击接地电阻上的电压降································································45 3.1.1.2 金属环中的感应电压········································································46 3.1.2 远处雷击····································································································53 3.1.3 浪涌电流在信号线上的耦合····································································55 3.1.3.1 阻性耦合··························································································55 I 低压系统防雷保护（第二版） 3.1.3.2 感性耦合 ……………………………………………….. 55 3.1.3.3 容性耦合 ……………………………………………….. 56 3.1.4 大气过电压的幅值 ………………………………………… 57 3.2 操作过电压 …………………………………………………… 58 4 保护措施和标准 …………………………………………………. 63 4.1 雷电防护 ………………………………………………………. 65 4.1.1 风险分析与保护等级 …………………………………….. 71 4.1.2 外部与内部防雷保护，DIN VDE 0185 第 1 部分，DIN V ENV 61024-1（VDE V 0185 第 100 部分） …………………………………………………. 75 4.1.3 防雷保护区的概念，DIN VDE 0185-103（VDE 0185 第 103 部分） …………………………………. 76 4.1.3.1 LEMP 防护设计 …………………………………….. 79 4.1.3.1.1 确定防雷保护等级 ……………………………… 80 4.1.3.1.2 划分防雷保护区 …………………………………. 80 4.1.3.1.3 房间屏蔽措施 …………………………………….. 84 4.1.3.1.4 等电位连接网 …………………………………….. 84 4.1.3.1.5 在防雷保护区边界上供给线和电线的等电位连接措施 ……………………………………………. 88 4.1.3.1.6 电缆布线与屏蔽 …………………………………. 92 4.1.3.2 LEMP 防护的实施 …………………………………….. 93 4.1.3.3 LEMP 防护的安装和监督 ……………………………… 95 4.1.3.4 LEMP 防护的验收检查 …………………………………. 96 4.1.3.5 周期性检查 ……………………………………………. 97 4.1.3.6 成本 …………………………………………………… 97 4.2 建筑物电气系统的雷电保护（IEC 60364，DIN VDE 0100） …………………………………. 99 4.2.1 IEC 60364-4-443/DIN VDE 0100 第 443 部分 ……………………………………………….. 100 2 目录 4.2.2 IEC 60664 – 1/DIN VDE 0110 第 1 部分 ……………… 101 4.2.3 IEC 60364 – 5 – 534/DIN VDE 0100 第 534 ……………… 105 部分 4.3 电信系统的电源保护（DIN VDE 0800， ……………… 107 （DIN VDE 0845） 4.4 包含电磁脉冲与雷电防护的电磁兼容标准 ……………… 108 （VG 95 372） 4.5 元件与保护设备的标准 ……………… 111 4.5.1 连接件〔E DIN EN 50164 – 1（VDE 0185 ……………… 111 第 201 部分）〕 4.5.2 雷电避雷器与浪涌避雷器 ……………… 111 4.5.2.1 供电系统用避雷器（IEC 61643 – 1/E ……………… 113 DIN VDE 0675 第 6 部分） 4.5.2.1.1 选择避雷器的重要数据 ……………… 117 4.5.2.1.2 按要求和位置配合避雷器 ……………… 117 4.5.2.1.3 N – PE 避雷器（E DIN VDE 0675 第 6 部 ……………… 118 分/A2） 4.5.2.2 信息技术用避雷器（IEC SC 37A/E DIN VDE ……………… 119 0845 第 2 部分） 4.5.2.2.1 选择避雷器的重要数据 ……………… 121 4.5.2.2.2 根据要求和位置配合避雷器 ……………… 122 4.5.2.2.3 避雷器配合 ……………… 123 5 元件与保护设备：结构、功能与应用 ……………… 125 5.1 接闪 ……………… 125 5.2 建筑物和房间屏蔽 ……………… 127 5.3 屏蔽建筑物间的线路的屏蔽 ……………… 135 5.4 建筑物内电缆的屏蔽 ……………… 138 5.5 光电连接 ……………… 140 5.5.1 光纤传输系统 ……………… 140 3